Thesis/Project:
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for APA and MLA Style Guides Individual departments may require you to use a particular style guide. Be sure to check with your department. The style guide determines the format for:
All other format requirements which are set forth by the Graduate Studies office and are listed
in the handbook and take precendence over any departmental style guide, and must be followed by all
students regardless of discipline. American Psychological Association (APA) Examples:
Jones (1998) compared student performance ...
If there is no author to cite, such as when you are citing a web page that lists no author,
use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the
name of the author. In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 1998), ... In 1998, Jones compared student performance ...
Webber did a similar study of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
If you are citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers, use the first few
words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"), and then use paragraph
numbers (if available) or simply leave out any reference to pages.
In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered that students succeeded
with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Short Quotations Examples:
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did
not offer an explanation as to why.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? Long Quotations (block quotes) Examples:
Jones' 1993 study found the follow: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Choosing double or single quotation marks Modern Language Association (MLA) Examples:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings" (263).
If the work you are citing to has no author, use an abbreviated version of the work's title.
(For non-print sources, such as films, TV series, pictures, or other media, or electronic
sources, include the name that begins the entry in the Works Cited page). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is a
Loser" 100).
Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken.
For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first
initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller
12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller
46).
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the
particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others.
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38),
though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better
small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, follwed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual
Studies" 63).
If you are citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers, use the first few
words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"), and then use paragraph
numbers (if available) or simply leave out any reference to pages.
In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered that students succeeded
with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Short Quotations Examples:
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though
others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)? Long Quotations (block quotes) Examples: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense,
so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or
else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on
quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and
in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Poetry will be handled something like this:
In her poem "Sources," Adrienne Rich explores the roles of women in shaping their world:
The faithful drudging child
the child at the oak desk whose penmanship, hard work, style will win her prizes becomes the woman with a mission, not to win prizes but to change the laws of history. (23) Adding or Omitting Words in Quotation
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban
legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or word by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods (...) preceded and followed by a space.
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of
learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs"
(78).
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